Medical Disclaimer

Independent educational resource

Independent educational resource. Content reflects educational review and does not represent NHS organisations, employers, or national bodies.

This website is written and maintained personally by Dr Joshua Igwe (FRCEM, GMC registered, licensed to practise) as an independent Emergency Medicine education platform for emergency medicine clinicians and trainees. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or operated on behalf of the NHS, any NHS Trust or employer, the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM), the General Medical Council (GMC), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Resuscitation Council UK, or any other organisation. References to these organisations on this site are pointers to their publicly available guidance only.

Not a substitute for clinical judgement

Algorithms, summaries, and procedural guides on this site are educational simplifications. They are not a substitute for:

• Local NHS Trust clinical policies and standard operating procedures.
• Current national guidance from RCEM, NICE, the Resuscitation Council UK, and gov.uk.
• The advice of a registered senior clinician familiar with the patient.
• The current edition of the British National Formulary (BNF) for any drug dose.

Where local policy and the content on this site differ, follow local policy.

No clinical relationship

Visiting this site does not create a doctor–patient relationship with the author. The site is not a means of obtaining urgent medical advice. If you are a patient or member of the public who needs medical help, contact NHS 111, attend your nearest emergency department, or call 999 in an emergency.

Drugs, doses, and procedures

Drug doses, infusion regimes, equipment sizes, and procedural steps are summarised for revision and bedside teaching only. Always verify any dose against the BNF or the local prescribing source before administration. Always perform procedures under appropriate supervision and in line with local credentialing.

Accuracy and updates

The author makes every reasonable effort to keep content aligned with current UK guidance. Medicine changes. Guidance and evidence often change between the date of writing and the date of reading. Check any clinical content against the primary source before relying on it.

Patient confidentiality

No patient-identifiable information is published on this site. Cases discussed for educational purposes are composite, anonymised, or hypothetical.

Limitation of liability

To the fullest extent permitted by law, the author accepts no liability for any loss or harm arising from any use of, or reliance on, the content of this website. Use of the site is at the visitor's own discretion and professional responsibility.